The GPS builds upon the methods established more than three decades ago in previous cross-national expert surveys designed to identify party ideological and issue positions, including those by Castles and Mair (1984), Huber and Inglehart (1995), Ray (1999), and the series of Chapel Hill Expert Survey of Party Positions (CHES) (Hooghe 2010, Bakker et al. Fieldwork for the second GPS survey is being conducted in spring 2023. The second survey is repeating many items from the first study, to monitor stability and change in party positions during recent years, and also adding new items measuring party positions towards democracy and authoritarianism in greater depth. It used 21 core items to estimate key ideological values, issue positions, and populist rhetoric for 1,127 parties in 170 countries. The first survey in 2019 drew on data gathered from 1,861 party and election experts. The Global Party Survey (GPS), an international scientific study directed by Pippa Norris, is designed to compare political parties around the world. How do parties compare in nations around the globe? This study addresses this issue, comparing party ideologies, issue positions and rhetoric.
But most data has been collected in Europe. Recent years have seen a proliferation of research on political parties as one of the key democratic institutions connecting citizens and the state.
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